 Sex Characteristics
"Sex Characteristics" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus,
MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Descriptors are arranged in a hierarchical structure,
which enables searching at various levels of specificity.
Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.
| Descriptor ID |
D012727
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| MeSH Number(s) |
G08.686.815
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| Concept/Terms |
Sex Characteristics- Sex Characteristics
- Characteristic, Sex
- Characteristics, Sex
- Sex Characteristic
- Sex Differences
- Difference, Sex
- Differences, Sex
- Sex Difference
- Sex Dimorphism
- Dimorphism, Sex
- Dimorphisms, Sex
- Sex Dimorphisms
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Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Sex Characteristics".
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more specific than "Sex Characteristics".
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Sex Characteristics" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "Sex Characteristics" was a major or minor topic of these publications.
To see the data from this visualization as text, click here.
| Year | Major Topic | Minor Topic | Total |
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| 2024 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 2023 | 1 | 8 | 9 | | 2022 | 1 | 3 | 4 | | 2021 | 4 | 3 | 7 | | 2020 | 3 | 3 | 6 | | 2019 | 4 | 3 | 7 | | 2018 | 2 | 5 | 7 | | 2017 | 3 | 3 | 6 | | 2016 | 4 | 0 | 4 | | 2015 | 2 | 9 | 11 | | 2014 | 3 | 0 | 3 | | 2013 | 3 | 0 | 3 | | 2012 | 3 | 5 | 8 | | 2011 | 1 | 1 | 2 | | 2010 | 4 | 3 | 7 | | 2009 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 2008 | 4 | 2 | 6 | | 2007 | 1 | 3 | 4 | | 2006 | 4 | 7 | 11 | | 2005 | 1 | 1 | 2 | | 2004 | 2 | 2 | 4 | | 2003 | 2 | 1 | 3 | | 2002 | 0 | 2 | 2 | | 2001 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 2000 | 1 | 1 | 2 | | 1999 | 1 | 6 | 7 | | 1997 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 1993 | 1 | 0 | 1 | | 1992 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 1991 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 1989 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
To return to the timeline, click here.
Below are the most recent publications written about "Sex Characteristics" by people in Profiles over the past ten years.
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Goorani S, Khan AH, Mishra A, El-Meanawy A, Imig JD. Kidney Injury by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction in Mice Lacks Sex Differences. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2024; 49(1):69-80.
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Elzanaty AM, Aglan A, Yassen M, Royfman R, Maraey A, Khalil M, Ranabothu M, Lakhani S, Waack A, Elsheikh E, Eltahawy E. Sex differences in myocarditis hospitalizations: Rates, outcomes, and hospital characteristics in the National Readmission Database. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2024 Feb; 49(2):102233.
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Hulett NA, Knaub LA, Hull SE, Pott GB, Peelor R, Miller BF, Shankar K, Rudolph MC, Reusch JEB, Scalzo RL. Sex Differences in the Skeletal Muscle Response to a High Fat, High Sucrose Diet in Rats. Nutrients. 2023 Oct 19; 15(20).
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Gonzalez SM, Withrow KL, Rubin DA, Lynn SK, Dawes JJ, Orr RM, Lockie RG. A Research Note Investigating the Leg Tuck and Plank With Potential Impacts for Occupational Testing. J Strength Cond Res. 2023 Oct 01; 37(10):2076-2079.
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Engelen MPKJ, Kirschner SK, Coyle KS, Argyelan D, Neal G, Dasarathy S, Deutz NEP. Sex related differences in muscle health and metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Nutr. 2023 09; 42(9):1737-1746.
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Osibogun O, Erinoso O, Li W, Kalan ME, Bursac Z, Osibogun A. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Tobacco Use Patterns Among Adults in the United States: Exploring sex differences. Health Educ Behav. 2024 02; 51(1):54-61.
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Williams JN, Irwin M, Li Y, Kambrath AV, Mattingly BT, Patel S, Kittaka M, Collins RN, Clough NA, Doud EH, Mosley AL, Bellido T, Bruzzaniti A, Plotkin LI, Trinidad JC, Thompson WR, Bonewald LF, Sankar U. Osteocyte-Derived CaMKK2 Regulates Osteoclasts and Bone Mass in a Sex-Dependent Manner through Secreted Calpastatin. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar 01; 24(5).
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Ghazisaeidi S, Muley MM, Salter MW. Neuropathic Pain: Mechanisms, Sex Differences, and Potential Therapies for a Global Problem. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2023 01 20; 63:565-583.
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Vorland CJ, Golzarri-Arroyo L, Maney DL, Brown AW. Determination of sex differences requires formal test for differences: Comment on "lipoprotein-subclass particle numbers in children with abdominal obesity". Pediatr Int. 2023 01; 65(1):e15489.
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Stephenson K, Womble MN, Frascoia C, Eagle SR, Covassin T, Kontos AP, Collins MW, Elbin RJ. Sex Differences on the Concussion Clinical Profiles Screening in Adolescents With Sport-Related Concussion. J Athl Train. 2023 Jan 01; 58(1):65-70.
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Khalil M, Maqsood MH, Maraey A, Elzanaty A, Saeyeldin A, Ong K, Barbhaiya CR, Chinitz LA, Bernstein S, Shokr M. Sex differences in outcomes of transvenous lead extraction: insights from National Readmission Database. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2023 Sep; 66(6):1375-1382.
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Al-Farhan AK, Weatherspoon LJ, Pfeiffer KA, Li W, Carlson JJ. Sex differences in the prevalence of multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors in schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 12; 52:131-137.
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Lee C, Kim J, Han J, Oh D, Kim M, Jeong H, Kim TJ, Kim SW, Kim JN, Seo YS, Suzuki A, Kim JH, Jung Y. Formyl peptide receptor 2 determines sex-specific differences in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. Nat Commun. 2022 01 31; 13(1):578.
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Merced-Nieves FM, Chelonis J, Pantic I, Schnass L, T?llez-Rojo MM, Braun JM, Paule MG, Wright RJ, Wright RO, Curtin P. Sexually dimorphic associations between prenatal blood lead exposure and performance on a behavioral testing battery in children. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2022 Mar-Apr; 90:107075.
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Benavides A, Bell EF, Conrad AL, Feldman HA, Georgieff MK, Josephson CD, Koscik TR, Stowell SR, Sola-Visner M, Nopoulos P. Sex Differences in the Association of Pretransfusion Hemoglobin Levels with Brain Structure and Function in the Preterm Infant. J Pediatr. 2022 04; 243:78-84.e5.
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Elzanaty AM, Maraey A, Khalil M, Nazir S, Elsheikh E, Mhanna M, Beran A, Salem M, Younes A, Elgendy IY, Eltahawy EA. Sex Differences in Outcomes of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Insights From the National Readmissions Database. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2022 06; 39:123-124.
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O'Reilly J, Ono-Moore KD, Chintapalli SV, Rutkowsky JM, Tolentino T, Lloyd KCK, Olfert IM, Adams SH. Sex differences in skeletal muscle revealed through fiber type, capillarity, and transcriptomics profiling in mice. Physiol Rep. 2021 09; 9(18):e15031.
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Giersch GEW, Morrissey MC, Butler CR, Colburn AT, Demarais ZS, Kavouras SA, Jay O, Charkoudian N, Casa DJ. Sex difference in initial thermoregulatory response to dehydrated exercise in the heat. Physiol Rep. 2021 07; 9(14):e14947.
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Ono-Moore KD, Olfert IM, Rutkowsky JM, Chintapalli SV, Willis BJ, Blackburn ML, Williams DK, O'Reilly J, Tolentino T, Lloyd KCK, Adams SH. Metabolic physiology and skeletal muscle phenotypes in male and female myoglobin knockout mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2021 07 01; 321(1):E63-E79.
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Bird S, Cairns D, Menzies T, Boyd K, Davies F, Cook G, Drayson M, Gregory W, Jenner M, Jones J, Kaiser M, Owen R, Jackson G, Morgan G, Pawlyn C. Sex Differences in Multiple Myeloma Biology but not Clinical Outcomes: Results from 3894 Patients in the Myeloma XI Trial. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2021 10; 21(10):667-675.
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Najjar RS, Turner CG, Wong BJ, Feresin RG. Berry-Derived Polyphenols in Cardiovascular Pathologies: Mechanisms of Disease and the Role of Diet and Sex. Nutrients. 2021 Jan 27; 13(2).
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Orsagh-Yentis DK, Bai S, Bobbey A, Hayes C, Pusateri A, Williams K. Spirulina breath test indicates differences in gastric emptying based on age, gender, and BMI. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 06; 33(6):e14079.
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Ho JP, Galex IA, Sadeghi NB, Weledji N, Cabello Bermudez SI, Mitchell BA, Bush DM, Yap E, Davis NC, Catalino MP, Godfrey V, Nielsen JN, Lee YZ, Sasaki-Adams DM. Rabbit Elastase Aneurysm: Imaging and Histology Correlates for Inflammation and Healing. World Neurosurg. 2021 04; 148:e242-e251.
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Holzhauer CG, Cucciare M, Epstein EE. Sex and Gender Effects in Recovery From Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Res. 2020; 40(3):03.
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Mauvais-Jarvis F, Bairey Merz N, Barnes PJ, Brinton RD, Carrero JJ, DeMeo DL, De Vries GJ, Epperson CN, Govindan R, Klein SL, Lonardo A, Maki PM, McCullough LD, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Regensteiner JG, Rubin JB, Sandberg K, Suzuki A. Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine. Lancet. 2020 08 22; 396(10250):565-582.
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Maguen S, Griffin BJ, Copeland LA, Perkins DF, Finley EP, Vogt D. Gender differences in prevalence and outcomes of exposure to potentially morally injurious events among post-9/11 veterans. J Psychiatr Res. 2020 11; 130:97-103.
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Covassin T, McGowan AL, Bretzin AC, Anderson M, Petit KM, Savage JL, Katie SL, Elbin RJ, Pontifex MB. Preliminary investigation of a multimodal enhanced brain function index among high school and collegiate concussed male and female athletes. Phys Sportsmed. 2020 11; 48(4):442-449.
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Wallis KF, Melnyk SB, Miousse IR. Sex-Specific Effects of Dietary Methionine Restriction on the Intestinal Microbiome. Nutrients. 2020 Mar 16; 12(3).
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Halievski K, Ghazisaeidi S, Salter MW. Sex-Dependent Mechanisms of Chronic Pain: A Focus on Microglia and P2X4R. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2020 10; 375(1):202-209.
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Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Ballestri S, Fairweather D, Win S, Than TA, Abdelmalek MF, Suzuki A. Sex Differences in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: State of the Art and Identification of Research Gaps. Hepatology. 2019 10; 70(4):1457-1469.
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Mapplebeck JCS, Lorenzo LE, Lee KY, Gauthier C, Muley MM, De Koninck Y, Prescott SA, Salter MW. Chloride Dysregulation through Downregulation of KCC2 Mediates Neuropathic Pain in Both Sexes. Cell Rep. 2019 07 16; 28(3):590-596.e4.
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Fertan E, Wong AA, Vienneau NA, Brown RE. Age and sex differences in motivation and spatial working memory in 3xTg-AD mice in the Hebb-Williams maze. Behav Brain Res. 2019 09 16; 370:111937.
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McCoin CS, Von Schulze A, Allen J, Fuller KNZ, Xia Q, Koestler DC, Houchen CJ, Maurer A, Dorn GW, Shankar K, Morris EM, Thyfault JP. Sex modulates hepatic mitochondrial adaptations to high-fat diet and physical activity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2019 08 01; 317(2):E298-E311.
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Joshi R, Ojha M, Lewis J, Fan Q, Monia B, Guo S, Varisco BM. Sex-specific differences in emphysema using a murine antisense oligonucleotide model of a-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2019 06 01; 316(6):L1165-L1173.
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Wankhade UD, Zhong Y, Lazarenko OP, Chintapalli SV, Piccolo BD, Chen JR, Shankar K. Sex-Specific Changes in Gut Microbiome Composition following Blueberry Consumption in C57BL/6J Mice. Nutrients. 2019 Feb 01; 11(2).
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Huo J, Wei F, Cai C, Lyn-Cook B, Pang L. Sex-Related Differences in Drug-Induced QT Prolongation and Torsades de Pointes: A New Model System with Human iPSC-CMs. Toxicol Sci. 2019 02 01; 167(2):360-374.
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McClenahan SJ, Hambuchen MD, Simecka CM, Gunnell MG, Berquist MD, Owens SM. Cardiovascular effects of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 02 01; 195:140-147.
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Lewis L, Chappell GA, Kobets T, O'Brian BE, Sangaraju D, Kosyk O, Bodnar W, Tretyakova NY, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Sex-specific differences in genotoxic and epigenetic effects of 1,3-butadiene among mouse tissues. Arch Toxicol. 2019 03; 93(3):791-800.
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G?r E, Fertan E, Kosel F, Wong AA, Balci F, Brown RE. Sex differences in the timing behavior performance of 3xTg-AD and wild-type mice in the peak interval procedure. Behav Brain Res. 2019 03 15; 360:235-243.
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Stephens KE, Chen Z, Sivanesan E, Raja SN, Linderoth B, Taverna SD, Guan Y. RNA-seq of spinal cord from nerve-injured rats after spinal cord stimulation. Mol Pain. 2018 Jan-Dec; 14:1744806918817429.
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Wankhade UD, Zhong Y, Kang P, Alfaro M, Chintapalli SV, Piccolo BD, Mercer KE, Andres A, Thakali KM, Shankar K. Maternal High-Fat Diet Programs Offspring Liver Steatosis in a Sexually Dimorphic Manner in Association with Changes in Gut Microbial Ecology in Mice. Sci Rep. 2018 11 07; 8(1):16502.
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Garvock-de Montbrun T, Fertan E, Stover K, Brown RE. Motor deficits in 16-month-old male and female 3xTg-AD mice. Behav Brain Res. 2019 01 01; 356:305-313.
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Mapplebeck JCS, Dalgarno R, Tu Y, Moriarty O, Beggs S, Kwok CHT, Halievski K, Assi S, Mogil JS, Trang T, Salter MW. Microglial P2X4R-evoked pain hypersensitivity is sexually dimorphic in rats. Pain. 2018 Sep; 159(9):1752-1763.
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Rontoyanni VG, Malagaris I, Herndon DN, Rivas E, Capek KD, Delgadillo AD, Bhattarai N, Elizondo A, Voigt CD, Finnerty CC, Suman OE, Porter C. Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function is Determined by Burn Severity, Sex, and Sepsis, and is Associated With Glucose Metabolism and Functional Capacity in Burned Children. Shock. 2018 08; 50(2):141-148.
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Allensworth-James ML, Odle A, Haney A, MacNicol M, MacNicol A, Childs G. Sex-specific changes in postnatal GH and PRL secretion in somatotrope LEPR-null mice. J Endocrinol. 2018 09; 238(3):221-230.
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Leung YK, Ouyang B, Niu L, Xie C, Ying J, Medvedovic M, Chen A, Weihe P, Valvi D, Grandjean P, Ho SM. Identification of sex-specific DNA methylation changes driven by specific chemicals in cord blood in a Faroese birth cohort. Epigenetics. 2018; 13(3):290-300.
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King JL, Wong AA, Brown RE. Age-Related Changes in the Spatial Frequency Threshold of Male and Female 3xTg-AD Mice Using OptoMotry. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018; 62(2):591-596.
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Tuominen L, Miettunen J, Cannon DM, Drevets WC, Frokjaer VG, Hirvonen J, Ichise M, Jensen PS, Keltikangas-J?rvinen L, Klaver JM, Knudsen GM, Takano A, Suhara T, Hietala J. Neuroticism Associates with Cerebral in Vivo Serotonin Transporter Binding Differently in Males and Females. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017 12 01; 20(12):963-970.
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Zhang Y, Xu X, Chen A, Davuljigari CB, Zheng X, Kim SS, Dietrich KN, Ho SM, Reponen T, Huo X. Maternal urinary cadmium levels during pregnancy associated with risk of sex-dependent birth outcomes from an e-waste pollution site in China. Reprod Toxicol. 2018 01; 75:49-55.
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Hambuchen MD, Hendrickson HP, Gunnell MG, McClenahan SJ, Ewing LE, Gibson DM, Berquist MD, Owens SM. The pharmacokinetics of racemic MDPV and its (R) and (S) enantiomers in female and male rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017 10 01; 179:347-354.
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Court MH, Zhu Z, Masse G, Duan SX, James LP, Harmatz JS, Greenblatt DJ. Race, Gender, and Genetic Polymorphism Contribute to Variability in Acetaminophen Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Protein-Adduct Concentrations in Healthy African-American and European-American Volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2017 09; 362(3):431-440.
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Mapplebeck JC, Beggs S, Salter MW. Molecules in pain and sex: a developing story. Mol Brain. 2017 03 07; 10(1):9.
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Sufrinko AM, Mucha A, Covassin T, Marchetti G, Elbin RJ, Collins MW, Kontos AP. Sex Differences in Vestibular/Ocular and Neurocognitive Outcomes After Sport-Related Concussion. Clin J Sport Med. 2017 Mar; 27(2):133-138.
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Pellegrini GG, Cregor M, McAndrews K, Morales CC, McCabe LD, McCabe GP, Peacock M, Burr D, Weaver C, Bellido T. Nrf2 regulates mass accrual and the antioxidant endogenous response in bone differently depending on the sex and age. PLoS One. 2017; 12(2):e0171161.
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Odle AK, Allensworth-James ML, Akhter N, Syed M, Haney AC, MacNicol M, MacNicol AM, Childs GV. A Sex-Dependent, Tropic Role for Leptin in the Somatotrope as a Regulator of POU1F1 and POU1F1-Dependent Hormones. Endocrinology. 2016 Oct; 157(10):3958-3971.
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Al-Attar A, Presnell SR, Peterson CA, Thomas DT, Lutz CT. The effect of sex on immune cells in healthy aging: Elderly women have more robust natural killer lymphocytes than do elderly men. Mech Ageing Dev. 2016 06; 156:25-33.
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Mapplebeck JCS, Beggs S, Salter MW. Sex differences in pain: a tale of two immune cells. Pain. 2016 Feb; 157 Suppl 1:S2-S6.
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Pothineni NV, Shirazi LF, Mehta JL. Gender Differences in Autonomic Control of the Cardiovascular System. Curr Pharm Des. 2016; 22(25):3829-34.
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Fairman BJ. Trends in registered medical marijuana participation across 13 US states and District of Columbia. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Feb 01; 159:72-9.
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West C, Paul SM, Dunn L, Dhruva A, Merriman J, Miaskowski C. Gender Differences in Predictors of Quality of Life at the Initiation of Radiation Therapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2015 Sep; 42(5):507-16.
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Stolarz AJ, Rusch NJ. Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Drugs. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2015 Aug; 29(4):403-10.
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Rochlani Y, Pothineni NV, Mehta JL. Metabolic Syndrome: Does it Differ Between Women and Men? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2015 Aug; 29(4):329-38.
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Mathur P, Ostadal B, Romeo F, Mehta JL. Gender-Related Differences in Atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2015 Aug; 29(4):319-27.
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Augustine EF, P?rez A, Dhall R, Umeh CC, Videnovic A, Cambi F, Wills AM, Elm JJ, Zweig RM, Shulman LM, Nance MA, Bainbridge J, Suchowersky O. Sex Differences in Clinical Features of Early, Treated Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One. 2015; 10(7):e0133002.
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Allensworth-James ML, Odle A, Haney A, Childs G. Sex Differences in Somatotrope Dependency on Leptin Receptors in Young Mice: Ablation of LEPR Causes Severe Growth Hormone Deficiency and Abdominal Obesity in Males. Endocrinology. 2015 Sep; 156(9):3253-64.
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Sorge RE, Mapplebeck JC, Rosen S, Beggs S, Taves S, Alexander JK, Martin LJ, Austin JS, Sotocinal SG, Chen D, Yang M, Shi XQ, Huang H, Pillon NJ, Bilan PJ, Tu Y, Klip A, Ji RR, Zhang J, Salter MW, Mogil JS. Different immune cells mediate mechanical pain hypersensitivity in male and female mice. Nat Neurosci. 2015 Aug; 18(8):1081-3.
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Liu J, Park YM, Berkowitz SA, Hu Q, Han K, Ortaglia A, McKeown RE, Liese AD. Gender differences in the association between food insecurity and insulin resistance among U.S. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2010. Ann Epidemiol. 2015 Sep; 25(9):643-8.
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Guelinckx I, Iglesia I, Bottin JH, De Miguel-Etayo P, Gonz?lez-Gil EM, Salas-Salvad? J, Kavouras SA, Gandy J, Martinez H, Bardosono S, Abdollahi M, Nasseri E, Jarosz A, Ma G, Carmuega E, Thi?baut I, Moreno LA. Intake of water and beverages of children and adolescents in 13 countries. Eur J Nutr. 2015 Jun; 54 Suppl 2:69-79.
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Ferreira-P?go C, Guelinckx I, Moreno LA, Kavouras SA, Gandy J, Martinez H, Bardosono S, Abdollahi M, Nasseri E, Jarosz A, Babio N, Salas-Salvad? J. Total fluid intake and its determinants: cross-sectional surveys among adults in 13 countries worldwide. Eur J Nutr. 2015 Jun; 54 Suppl 2:35-43.
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Lovallo WR, Enoch MA, Acheson A, Cohoon AJ, Sorocco KH, Hodgkinson CA, Vincent AS, Glahn DC, Goldman D. Cortisol Stress Response in Men and Women Modulated Differentially by the Mu-Opioid Receptor Gene Polymorphism OPRM1 A118G. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015 Oct; 40(11):2546-54.
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Miaskowski C, Dunn L, Ritchie C, Paul SM, Cooper B, Aouizerat BE, Alexander K, Skerman H, Yates P. Latent Class Analysis Reveals Distinct Subgroups of Patients Based on Symptom Occurrence and Demographic and Clinical Characteristics. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2015 Jul; 50(1):28-37.
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