 Sex Characteristics
"Sex Characteristics" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus,
MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Descriptors are arranged in a hierarchical structure,
which enables searching at various levels of specificity.
Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.
| Descriptor ID |
D012727
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| MeSH Number(s) |
G08.686.815
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| Concept/Terms |
Sex Characteristics- Sex Characteristics
- Characteristic, Sex
- Characteristics, Sex
- Sex Characteristic
- Sex Differences
- Difference, Sex
- Differences, Sex
- Sex Difference
- Sex Dimorphism
- Dimorphism, Sex
- Dimorphisms, Sex
- Sex Dimorphisms
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Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Sex Characteristics".
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more specific than "Sex Characteristics".
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Sex Characteristics" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "Sex Characteristics" was a major or minor topic of these publications.
To see the data from this visualization as text, click here.
| Year | Major Topic | Minor Topic | Total |
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| 2025 | 3 | 1 | 4 | | 2024 | 1 | 1 | 2 | | 2023 | 1 | 9 | 10 | | 2022 | 1 | 4 | 5 | | 2021 | 4 | 3 | 7 | | 2020 | 2 | 3 | 5 | | 2019 | 4 | 2 | 6 | | 2018 | 2 | 5 | 7 | | 2017 | 2 | 4 | 6 | | 2016 | 4 | 0 | 4 | | 2015 | 1 | 9 | 10 | | 2014 | 3 | 0 | 3 | | 2013 | 3 | 0 | 3 | | 2012 | 3 | 5 | 8 | | 2011 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 2010 | 4 | 3 | 7 | | 2009 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 2008 | 4 | 2 | 6 | | 2007 | 1 | 3 | 4 | | 2006 | 4 | 7 | 11 | | 2005 | 1 | 1 | 2 | | 2004 | 2 | 2 | 4 | | 2003 | 2 | 1 | 3 | | 2002 | 0 | 2 | 2 | | 2001 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 2000 | 1 | 1 | 2 | | 1999 | 0 | 6 | 6 | | 1997 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 1993 | 1 | 0 | 1 | | 1992 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 1991 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
To return to the timeline, click here.
Below are the most recent publications written about "Sex Characteristics" by people in Profiles over the past ten years.
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Giersch GEW, Greenfield AM, Brazelton SC, Alba BK, Bodurtha PO, Caldwell AR, Mayer TA, Murray TA, Ryan BJ, Salgado RM, Seeley AD, Charkoudian N. Distinct physiological responses to heat acclimation in males and females lead to similar thermal adaptations in both sexes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2025 Sep 01; 139(3):863-872.
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Sun X, Abdelhamid SS, Secunda Z, Voinchet R, Gregory A, Scioscia J, Ozel M, Darby JL, Moheimani H, Wang QD, Das J, Neal MD, Kar UK, Sperry JL, Billiar TR. Gasdermin D drives the systemic storm and mortality after trauma with hemorrhage to a greater degree in biological females than males. Sci Transl Med. 2025 May 28; 17(800):eado2622.
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Clement K, Nemec-Bakk AS, Jun SR, Sridharan V, Patel CM, Williams DK, Newhauser WD, Willey JS, Williams J, Boerma M, Chancellor JC, Koturbash I. Long-term effects of combined exposures to simulated microgravity and galactic cosmic radiation on the mouse lung: sex-specific epigenetic reprogramming. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2025 Mar; 64(1):17-27.
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Cui X, Hou L, Yan B, Liu J, Zhang C, Sui P, Tong S, Luchsinger L, Mendelson A, Zhou D, Yang FC, Zhong H, Liang Y. Sexual dimorphism in the mouse bone marrow niche regulates hematopoietic engraftment via sex-specific Kdm5c/Cxcl12 signaling. J Clin Invest. 2025 Jan 21; 135(5).
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Yau WW, Scott MR, Petrea RE, Buckley RF, Kojis D, Sperling RA, Chhatwal JP, Maillard P, Aparicio HJ, Romero JR, DeCarli CS, Beiser AS, Seshadri S. Sex-Specific Vulnerabilities to Subclinical Vascular Brain Injury in Early Late-Life: The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Neurol. 2025 Mar; 97(3):460-469.
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Goorani S, Khan AH, Mishra A, El-Meanawy A, Imig JD. Kidney Injury by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction in Mice Lacks Sex Differences. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2024; 49(1):69-80.
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Elzanaty AM, Aglan A, Yassen M, Royfman R, Maraey A, Khalil M, Ranabothu M, Lakhani S, Waack A, Elsheikh E, Eltahawy E. Sex differences in myocarditis hospitalizations: Rates, outcomes, and hospital characteristics in the National Readmission Database. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2024 Feb; 49(2):102233.
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Hulett NA, Knaub LA, Hull SE, Pott GB, Peelor R, Miller BF, Shankar K, Rudolph MC, Reusch JEB, Scalzo RL. Sex Differences in the Skeletal Muscle Response to a High Fat, High Sucrose Diet in Rats. Nutrients. 2023 Oct 19; 15(20).
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Gonzalez SM, Withrow KL, Rubin DA, Lynn SK, Dawes JJ, Orr RM, Lockie RG. A Research Note Investigating the Leg Tuck and Plank With Potential Impacts for Occupational Testing. J Strength Cond Res. 2023 Oct 01; 37(10):2076-2079.
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Engelen MPKJ, Kirschner SK, Coyle KS, Argyelan D, Neal G, Dasarathy S, Deutz NEP. Sex related differences in muscle health and metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Nutr. 2023 09; 42(9):1737-1746.
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Malahfji M, Senapati A, Debs D, Saeed M, Tayal B, Nguyen DT, Graviss EA, Shah DJ. Sex differences in myocardial remodeling and extracellular volume in aortic regurgitation. Sci Rep. 2023 07 13; 13(1):11334.
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Pemmasani G, Tremaine WJ, Suresh Kumar VC, Aswath G, Sapkota B, Karagozian R, John S. Sex differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with alcoholic hepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 10 01; 35(10):1192-1196.
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Osibogun O, Erinoso O, Li W, Kalan ME, Bursac Z, Osibogun A. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Tobacco Use Patterns Among Adults in the United States: Exploring sex differences. Health Educ Behav. 2024 02; 51(1):54-61.
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Williams JN, Irwin M, Li Y, Kambrath AV, Mattingly BT, Patel S, Kittaka M, Collins RN, Clough NA, Doud EH, Mosley AL, Bellido T, Bruzzaniti A, Plotkin LI, Trinidad JC, Thompson WR, Bonewald LF, Sankar U. Osteocyte-Derived CaMKK2 Regulates Osteoclasts and Bone Mass in a Sex-Dependent Manner through Secreted Calpastatin. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar 01; 24(5).
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Vorland CJ, Golzarri-Arroyo L, Maney DL, Brown AW. Determination of sex differences requires formal test for differences: Comment on "lipoprotein-subclass particle numbers in children with abdominal obesity". Pediatr Int. 2023 01; 65(1):e15489.
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Stephenson K, Womble MN, Frascoia C, Eagle SR, Covassin T, Kontos AP, Collins MW, Elbin RJ. Sex Differences on the Concussion Clinical Profiles Screening in Adolescents With Sport-Related Concussion. J Athl Train. 2023 Jan 01; 58(1):65-70.
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Khalil M, Maqsood MH, Maraey A, Elzanaty A, Saeyeldin A, Ong K, Barbhaiya CR, Chinitz LA, Bernstein S, Shokr M. Sex differences in outcomes of transvenous lead extraction: insights from National Readmission Database. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2023 Sep; 66(6):1375-1382.
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Al-Farhan AK, Weatherspoon LJ, Pfeiffer KA, Li W, Carlson JJ. Sex differences in the prevalence of multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors in schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 12; 52:131-137.
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Maraey A, Tarabanis C, Hajduczok AG, Salem M, Said E, Elsharnoby H, Khalil M, Elzanaty A, Brailovsky Y, Alam A. Temporal Trends and Sex Differences in Patients With Cardiac Amyloidosis and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Retrospective Analysis of 22,015 Admissions From the National Inpatient Sample. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023 Jan; 48(1):101393.
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Lee C, Kim J, Han J, Oh D, Kim M, Jeong H, Kim TJ, Kim SW, Kim JN, Seo YS, Suzuki A, Kim JH, Jung Y. Formyl peptide receptor 2 determines sex-specific differences in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. Nat Commun. 2022 01 31; 13(1):578.
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Merced-Nieves FM, Chelonis J, Pantic I, Schnass L, T?llez-Rojo MM, Braun JM, Paule MG, Wright RJ, Wright RO, Curtin P. Sexually dimorphic associations between prenatal blood lead exposure and performance on a behavioral testing battery in children. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2022 Mar-Apr; 90:107075.
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Benavides A, Bell EF, Conrad AL, Feldman HA, Georgieff MK, Josephson CD, Koscik TR, Stowell SR, Sola-Visner M, Nopoulos P. Sex Differences in the Association of Pretransfusion Hemoglobin Levels with Brain Structure and Function in the Preterm Infant. J Pediatr. 2022 04; 243:78-84.e5.
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Elzanaty AM, Maraey A, Khalil M, Nazir S, Elsheikh E, Mhanna M, Beran A, Salem M, Younes A, Elgendy IY, Eltahawy EA. Sex Differences in Outcomes of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Insights From the National Readmissions Database. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2022 06; 39:123-124.
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O'Reilly J, Ono-Moore KD, Chintapalli SV, Rutkowsky JM, Tolentino T, Lloyd KCK, Olfert IM, Adams SH. Sex differences in skeletal muscle revealed through fiber type, capillarity, and transcriptomics profiling in mice. Physiol Rep. 2021 09; 9(18):e15031.
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Giersch GEW, Morrissey MC, Butler CR, Colburn AT, Demarais ZS, Kavouras SA, Jay O, Charkoudian N, Casa DJ. Sex difference in initial thermoregulatory response to dehydrated exercise in the heat. Physiol Rep. 2021 07; 9(14):e14947.
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Ono-Moore KD, Olfert IM, Rutkowsky JM, Chintapalli SV, Willis BJ, Blackburn ML, Williams DK, O'Reilly J, Tolentino T, Lloyd KCK, Adams SH. Metabolic physiology and skeletal muscle phenotypes in male and female myoglobin knockout mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2021 07 01; 321(1):E63-E79.
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Bird S, Cairns D, Menzies T, Boyd K, Davies F, Cook G, Drayson M, Gregory W, Jenner M, Jones J, Kaiser M, Owen R, Jackson G, Morgan G, Pawlyn C. Sex Differences in Multiple Myeloma Biology but not Clinical Outcomes: Results from 3894 Patients in the Myeloma XI Trial. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2021 10; 21(10):667-675.
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Najjar RS, Turner CG, Wong BJ, Feresin RG. Berry-Derived Polyphenols in Cardiovascular Pathologies: Mechanisms of Disease and the Role of Diet and Sex. Nutrients. 2021 Jan 27; 13(2).
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Orsagh-Yentis DK, Bai S, Bobbey A, Hayes C, Pusateri A, Williams K. Spirulina breath test indicates differences in gastric emptying based on age, gender, and BMI. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 06; 33(6):e14079.
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Ho JP, Galex IA, Sadeghi NB, Weledji N, Cabello Bermudez SI, Mitchell BA, Bush DM, Yap E, Davis NC, Catalino MP, Godfrey V, Nielsen JN, Lee YZ, Sasaki-Adams DM. Rabbit Elastase Aneurysm: Imaging and Histology Correlates for Inflammation and Healing. World Neurosurg. 2021 04; 148:e242-e251.
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Kovacic K, Zhang L, Nugent Liegl M, Pawela L, Simpson P, Sood MR. Gastric emptying in healthy children using the Spirulina breath test: The impact of gender, body size, and pubertal development. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 06; 33(6):e14063.
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Holzhauer CG, Cucciare M, Epstein EE. Sex and Gender Effects in Recovery From Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Res. 2020; 40(3):03.
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Maguen S, Griffin BJ, Copeland LA, Perkins DF, Finley EP, Vogt D. Gender differences in prevalence and outcomes of exposure to potentially morally injurious events among post-9/11 veterans. J Psychiatr Res. 2020 11; 130:97-103.
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Covassin T, McGowan AL, Bretzin AC, Anderson M, Petit KM, Savage JL, Katie SL, Elbin RJ, Pontifex MB. Preliminary investigation of a multimodal enhanced brain function index among high school and collegiate concussed male and female athletes. Phys Sportsmed. 2020 11; 48(4):442-449.
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Wallis KF, Melnyk SB, Miousse IR. Sex-Specific Effects of Dietary Methionine Restriction on the Intestinal Microbiome. Nutrients. 2020 Mar 16; 12(3).
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Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Ballestri S, Fairweather D, Win S, Than TA, Abdelmalek MF, Suzuki A. Sex Differences in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: State of the Art and Identification of Research Gaps. Hepatology. 2019 10; 70(4):1457-1469.
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Fertan E, Wong AA, Vienneau NA, Brown RE. Age and sex differences in motivation and spatial working memory in 3xTg-AD mice in the Hebb-Williams maze. Behav Brain Res. 2019 09 16; 370:111937.
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McCoin CS, Von Schulze A, Allen J, Fuller KNZ, Xia Q, Koestler DC, Houchen CJ, Maurer A, Dorn GW, Shankar K, Morris EM, Thyfault JP. Sex modulates hepatic mitochondrial adaptations to high-fat diet and physical activity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2019 08 01; 317(2):E298-E311.
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Joshi R, Ojha M, Lewis J, Fan Q, Monia B, Guo S, Varisco BM. Sex-specific differences in emphysema using a murine antisense oligonucleotide model of a-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2019 06 01; 316(6):L1165-L1173.
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Wankhade UD, Zhong Y, Lazarenko OP, Chintapalli SV, Piccolo BD, Chen JR, Shankar K. Sex-Specific Changes in Gut Microbiome Composition following Blueberry Consumption in C57BL/6J Mice. Nutrients. 2019 Feb 01; 11(2).
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Huo J, Wei F, Cai C, Lyn-Cook B, Pang L. Sex-Related Differences in Drug-Induced QT Prolongation and Torsades de Pointes: A New Model System with Human iPSC-CMs. Toxicol Sci. 2019 02 01; 167(2):360-374.
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McClenahan SJ, Hambuchen MD, Simecka CM, Gunnell MG, Berquist MD, Owens SM. Cardiovascular effects of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 02 01; 195:140-147.
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Lewis L, Chappell GA, Kobets T, O'Brian BE, Sangaraju D, Kosyk O, Bodnar W, Tretyakova NY, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Sex-specific differences in genotoxic and epigenetic effects of 1,3-butadiene among mouse tissues. Arch Toxicol. 2019 03; 93(3):791-800.
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G?r E, Fertan E, Kosel F, Wong AA, Balci F, Brown RE. Sex differences in the timing behavior performance of 3xTg-AD and wild-type mice in the peak interval procedure. Behav Brain Res. 2019 03 15; 360:235-243.
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Stephens KE, Chen Z, Sivanesan E, Raja SN, Linderoth B, Taverna SD, Guan Y. RNA-seq of spinal cord from nerve-injured rats after spinal cord stimulation. Mol Pain. 2018 Jan-Dec; 14:1744806918817429.
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Wankhade UD, Zhong Y, Kang P, Alfaro M, Chintapalli SV, Piccolo BD, Mercer KE, Andres A, Thakali KM, Shankar K. Maternal High-Fat Diet Programs Offspring Liver Steatosis in a Sexually Dimorphic Manner in Association with Changes in Gut Microbial Ecology in Mice. Sci Rep. 2018 11 07; 8(1):16502.
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Choi H, Dostal M, Pastorkova A, Rossner P, Sram RJ, Ho SM. Greater susceptibility of girls to airborne Benzo[a]pyrene for obesity-associated childhood asthma. Environ Int. 2018 12; 121(Pt 1):308-316.
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Garvock-de Montbrun T, Fertan E, Stover K, Brown RE. Motor deficits in 16-month-old male and female 3xTg-AD mice. Behav Brain Res. 2019 01 01; 356:305-313.
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Rontoyanni VG, Malagaris I, Herndon DN, Rivas E, Capek KD, Delgadillo AD, Bhattarai N, Elizondo A, Voigt CD, Finnerty CC, Suman OE, Porter C. Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function is Determined by Burn Severity, Sex, and Sepsis, and is Associated With Glucose Metabolism and Functional Capacity in Burned Children. Shock. 2018 08; 50(2):141-148.
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Allensworth-James ML, Odle A, Haney A, MacNicol M, MacNicol A, Childs G. Sex-specific changes in postnatal GH and PRL secretion in somatotrope LEPR-null mice. J Endocrinol. 2018 09; 238(3):221-230.
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Leung YK, Ouyang B, Niu L, Xie C, Ying J, Medvedovic M, Chen A, Weihe P, Valvi D, Grandjean P, Ho SM. Identification of sex-specific DNA methylation changes driven by specific chemicals in cord blood in a Faroese birth cohort. Epigenetics. 2018; 13(3):290-300.
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King JL, Wong AA, Brown RE. Age-Related Changes in the Spatial Frequency Threshold of Male and Female 3xTg-AD Mice Using OptoMotry. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018; 62(2):591-596.
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Tuominen L, Miettunen J, Cannon DM, Drevets WC, Frokjaer VG, Hirvonen J, Ichise M, Jensen PS, Keltikangas-J?rvinen L, Klaver JM, Knudsen GM, Takano A, Suhara T, Hietala J. Neuroticism Associates with Cerebral in Vivo Serotonin Transporter Binding Differently in Males and Females. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017 12 01; 20(12):963-970.
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Zhang Y, Xu X, Chen A, Davuljigari CB, Zheng X, Kim SS, Dietrich KN, Ho SM, Reponen T, Huo X. Maternal urinary cadmium levels during pregnancy associated with risk of sex-dependent birth outcomes from an e-waste pollution site in China. Reprod Toxicol. 2018 01; 75:49-55.
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Wanchoo A, Voigt A, Sukumaran S, Stewart CM, Bhattacharya I, Nguyen CQ. Single-cell analysis reveals sexually dimorphic repertoires of Interferon-? and IL-17A producing T cells in salivary glands of Sj?gren's syndrome mice. Sci Rep. 2017 10 02; 7(1):12512.
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Hambuchen MD, Hendrickson HP, Gunnell MG, McClenahan SJ, Ewing LE, Gibson DM, Berquist MD, Owens SM. The pharmacokinetics of racemic MDPV and its (R) and (S) enantiomers in female and male rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017 10 01; 179:347-354.
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Court MH, Zhu Z, Masse G, Duan SX, James LP, Harmatz JS, Greenblatt DJ. Race, Gender, and Genetic Polymorphism Contribute to Variability in Acetaminophen Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Protein-Adduct Concentrations in Healthy African-American and European-American Volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2017 09; 362(3):431-440.
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Sufrinko AM, Mucha A, Covassin T, Marchetti G, Elbin RJ, Collins MW, Kontos AP. Sex Differences in Vestibular/Ocular and Neurocognitive Outcomes After Sport-Related Concussion. Clin J Sport Med. 2017 Mar; 27(2):133-138.
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Pellegrini GG, Cregor M, McAndrews K, Morales CC, McCabe LD, McCabe GP, Peacock M, Burr D, Weaver C, Bellido T. Nrf2 regulates mass accrual and the antioxidant endogenous response in bone differently depending on the sex and age. PLoS One. 2017; 12(2):e0171161.
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Odle AK, Allensworth-James ML, Akhter N, Syed M, Haney AC, MacNicol M, MacNicol AM, Childs GV. A Sex-Dependent, Tropic Role for Leptin in the Somatotrope as a Regulator of POU1F1 and POU1F1-Dependent Hormones. Endocrinology. 2016 Oct; 157(10):3958-3971.
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Kim TK, Won JY, Shin JA, Park YM, Yim HW, Park YH. The Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Diabetic Retinopathy: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2012. PLoS One. 2016; 11(6):e0157006.
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Al-Attar A, Presnell SR, Peterson CA, Thomas DT, Lutz CT. The effect of sex on immune cells in healthy aging: Elderly women have more robust natural killer lymphocytes than do elderly men. Mech Ageing Dev. 2016 06; 156:25-33.
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Pothineni NV, Shirazi LF, Mehta JL. Gender Differences in Autonomic Control of the Cardiovascular System. Curr Pharm Des. 2016; 22(25):3829-34.
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Fairman BJ. Trends in registered medical marijuana participation across 13 US states and District of Columbia. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Feb 01; 159:72-9.
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